When
future historians look back and analyze the demise of our nation, they
will not blame the politicians as we do those of Rome, they will blame
the people.
For here is a nation born from the ashes of
revolution, embolden by a constitution that encourages us all to act
against tyranny and in the very face of tyranny...we do nothing.
That will be our legacy.
A nation that boasts of bravery, of justice and liberty, yet behind that mask of virtue lies cowardice, apathy and hypocrisy.
Woe is the children who reap our harvest of deceit. Malnourished they
will be, forced to feed from the hand that oppressed them.
Thursday, September 5, 2013
Tuesday, July 9, 2013
My first stab at a conspiracy theory. What are the odds?
So in
light of all that's being going on, I figured I'll take my shot at
being a conspiracy theorist. So I dug up some research online based on
many different stories and current political trends and here's what I
came up with:
Tangible money and classic forms of transactions are slowly disappearing as more and more Americans rely on credit and debit cards to pay for items, meaning that the majority of wealth is locked up in banks all over the country.
GMO corporations are proceeding with their products and their stocks are rising due to it's potential monopolization of the seed industry. Meaning that in a couple of decades, the only way to grow food year to year will be through their seeds. Since their product is slowly killing off bees (responsible for pollination) you will have no choice but to buy from them, since your crop will not last past the first harvest (since 90% of all food will be GMO).
The Government, who is basically funded by these huge corporations act like police over the people to keep them blind from both realizing that they are being made powerless (since money will be tied up in banks, all the banks have to do to quell an uprising is to freeze your account) and dependent on corporations (because food will no longer grow without the help of the corporations seed programs and thus, the corporations can create famine at will by denying the people seeds for food).
Not only will the government keep the people blind to the truth, but as a precaution, convinces the public that banning guns will keep them safe when in reality, the large scope of these corporate operations and the truth will not be contained for long. So they take away our guns to lessen our impact when we finally rise up against them and try to burn them to the ground.
So long story short:
Banks have your wealth so they control your power to barter.
GMO seed manufacturers control your food supply so you can't create a self sustainable crop.
Government Police you and remove your ability to fight back when you decide you no longer want to be "dependent" on these corporations.
Ladies and Gentlemen. Welcome to the Corporate Oligarchy.
Tangible money and classic forms of transactions are slowly disappearing as more and more Americans rely on credit and debit cards to pay for items, meaning that the majority of wealth is locked up in banks all over the country.
GMO corporations are proceeding with their products and their stocks are rising due to it's potential monopolization of the seed industry. Meaning that in a couple of decades, the only way to grow food year to year will be through their seeds. Since their product is slowly killing off bees (responsible for pollination) you will have no choice but to buy from them, since your crop will not last past the first harvest (since 90% of all food will be GMO).
The Government, who is basically funded by these huge corporations act like police over the people to keep them blind from both realizing that they are being made powerless (since money will be tied up in banks, all the banks have to do to quell an uprising is to freeze your account) and dependent on corporations (because food will no longer grow without the help of the corporations seed programs and thus, the corporations can create famine at will by denying the people seeds for food).
Not only will the government keep the people blind to the truth, but as a precaution, convinces the public that banning guns will keep them safe when in reality, the large scope of these corporate operations and the truth will not be contained for long. So they take away our guns to lessen our impact when we finally rise up against them and try to burn them to the ground.
So long story short:
Banks have your wealth so they control your power to barter.
GMO seed manufacturers control your food supply so you can't create a self sustainable crop.
Government Police you and remove your ability to fight back when you decide you no longer want to be "dependent" on these corporations.
Ladies and Gentlemen. Welcome to the Corporate Oligarchy.
Tuesday, June 18, 2013
We're in trouble now.
How can you tell me it's ok for our government to spy on it's people in hopes that you will be safe?
How do you figure?
How do you accept all these laws that do away with DUE PROCESS?
I'm no fan of terrorism, but nothing scares me more then a President who feels he's justified in killing American citizens without ever bringing them to trial.
Today, it's terrorist, tomorrow it's you. How do you police those who police us? Why are you ok with this?
Right now, all these comments are being watched by NSA, DHS, and it's only a matter of time before any dissident is met with force.
Ladies and Gentlemen, Gun control laws is the red flag that people everywhere should be vigilant on. Not because it's "Guns" but because of the laws that they create that go above it's intended purpose.
All you need to do to see this in action is pay attention to what has happen to Mexico.
They were considered a gun culture, very much like ours. But government corruption riled up the people and they stood up against their government.
In 1960 their President decided to quell the uprising by rewriting their 2nd Amendment laws in their constitution.
In effect, the President allows the people to "Own" guns, but they are not allowed to "Bear" arms. He did that for the same reason Obama stated he's doing it. For the safety of the community. In reality, what the President of Mexico did was create a system that made it ILLEGAL for the citizens to step outside their home with a firearm. A prison term of 15 years was enacted for anyone caught outside with a firearm.
It also allowed the President to limit the caliber of those firearms reducing the accepted caliber to .22
Any gun owner will tell you that is nothing more then a glorified BB gun with no stopping power unless you manage a headshot really close.
Meanwhile the government reserved all the truly powerful firearms for themselves.
In the years since this law has been enacted. MEXICO is NO WHERE NEAR AS SAFE as it was before. In fact! ITS WORSE THEN EVER!
WHY?
Because ABSOLUTE POWER CORRUPTS ABSOLUTELY! The criminals have a society incapable of fighting back with any true force, police departments are out numbered by criminals and in turn have join up with the criminals because corruption paid better.
Mexico is not what you think of when you think of honorable and corruption free government.
Don't take my word for it. Research it yourself.
Make up your own mind.
Ether way. WAKE UP!
Saturday, June 15, 2013
All I'm asking....
All I'm asking is for people to question.
Question your leaders,
Question their followers.
Question your own motivations,
inspirations,
fears and doubts.
Question everything.
Do not accept apathy as an answer. Don't not let comfort be the motivation.
Wake up.
Nothing is more dangerous than tyranny hidden behind the mask of virtue.
Question your leaders,
Question their followers.
Question your own motivations,
inspirations,
fears and doubts.
Question everything.
Do not accept apathy as an answer. Don't not let comfort be the motivation.
Wake up.
Nothing is more dangerous than tyranny hidden behind the mask of virtue.
Thursday, June 6, 2013
The Obama hypocrisy.
Here's the level of hypocrisy that really boils my water when it comes to what the Obama administration is doing. Obama will gladly surround himself with the victims of gun crimes but not the saviors, he would tell you that 90% of the American people want gun control and would stop at nothing until he fulfills the will of the people.
WELL MR.PRESIDENT, if that is true, why aren't you doing the same thing with the MONSANTO'S situation? After all, not only do the MAJORITY of AMERICANS WANT LABELS, but THE WORLD HAS RISEN UP AGAINST THEM!?!?
WELL MR.PRESIDENT, if that is true, why aren't you doing the same thing with the MONSANTO'S situation? After all, not only do the MAJORITY of AMERICANS WANT LABELS, but THE WORLD HAS RISEN UP AGAINST THEM!?!?
Wednesday, June 5, 2013
What I have learned from Super Storm Sandy.
The moment I learned how important it was to preserve the 2nd Amendment came during super-storm Sandy.
There is this comfortable illusion with many NJ residents that government, excuse me, Local government is strong enough to deal with any situation and if you sit back,relax and wait long enough they will come to your rescue.
This could not be further from the truth. What I've learned is that we are grossly undermanned, we have a failing infrastructure and local fire and police services can easily be rendered useless during a state wide emergency.
During super-storm Sandy our brave firefighters and Police we're stretch above and beyond their capabilities. So I can't not fault them for any issues arising from that storm, but it was a wake up call.
Our electricity was out for over two weeks, food was limited, but we were getting by, people were very helpful, at least our closest neighbors were. What was scary was that towards the end of the of the blackouts, you can tell that there was a slight breaking down in the social order. People out there were starting to get a little desperate.
It wasn't outright panic, or rioting, but you could tell that there was some tension in the air.
Electric generators where being stolen, houses where getting broken into and some places were getting looted.
This happens, granted, but it's not something you'll expect from a little town that far less a suburb, then it is a country town. We have a small police force, and these poor guys were everywhere. So they couldn't take care of everyone.
We had people sneaking up on our porch at night, and one time they even manage to steal my 5 gallon gas container. They spotted my generator, but thankful it was in an inconvenient spot for them to take it.
It was just a matter of time, had the situation lasted more then 2weeks, say, 2 months. I think you would of seen a real breakdown in government while more and more desperate people take to the street.
My wife felt that, and she of all people, who supports the 2A but hates and fears guns (she admits the fear is irrational, but is trying to slowly get out of it)...even she realized that it might just be important for us to have a firearm in the house.
I rely on my generator, I use a CPAP to sleep, any of you guys who use that machine know how difficult it is to sleep without one and how dangerous if your sleep apnea condition is really bad. Mine is really bad. So to lose my generator during a black out is a really really bad thing for me.
So now our government is pushing for these gun control bills, put bans on capacity, rifles, and even some handguns. To serve who exactly, what purpose? For safety reasons? For the children? Or sedate their own fears of an uprising due to the level of government corruption that is seeping out of that cesspool they are currently mucking around it?
What's the purpose?
Meanwhile, if another super-storm comes our way, and we're left defenseless, what then? Force us out of our homes, into a football arena and lock us down until things "go back to normal"?
How are we not like cattle then?
Nope, the one thing I've learned from Sandy is that our government is only as good as the infrastructure it sits on. A couple of natural disasters, a lingering black out and the food stores closes, you'll then understand why it's important for ALL Americans to support and defend the 2A
Cause when it comes down to it, to you, your family and children are your life, to Government, they are selling points and martyrs best used to further their agenda.
Monday, June 3, 2013
BIAS PERHAPS?
Obama talks about guns that hurt the innocent,
yet never mentions the guns that save lives.
Doesn't this seem a bit self-serving and bias?
Sure does to me.
Doesn't this seem a bit self-serving and bias?
Sure does to me.
Wednesday, May 22, 2013
What's up with NJ Gun Laws? What's up with ANY gun law?
If there is one thing I've learned going through the gun permit circus here in NJ, is that after you jump through all the hoops, you actually run the chance of getting arrested for exercising your constitutional rights, then the average criminal has for breaking any law.
I don't know if that makes any sense. What I'm saying is that after submitting to an background investigation, finger printing, references check and waiting 30 days for all that to come back clear. Even after holding on to my permits for almost 90 days, just to find a proper hand gun, I still had to wait other 14 days for once again my background check to clear. They call this the "Cooling off" period. Just in case I'm angry at having to wait so long just to exercise my right. They don't want me buying a gun and go off on people. It's a "wtf" moment really.
ANYWAY.
I'm officially a proud 2A user...er...can that be said? Anyway, I got my firearm, my friends are happy I can now go shoot with them and not have to beg to rent a practice firearm. I'm getting ahead of myself. Once I received my firearm I was given the lecture of what I can and can't do with my firearm in NJ. Some of it was common sense stuff. "Don't leave it loaded where kids can get a hold of it", "Keep in unloaded while in the safe" and some stuff that made me raise an eyebrow. Maybe I heard it wrong but "A loaded magazine is considered a loaded gun" doesn't see right to me.
A loaded magazine is a loaded magazine, once I put it in my firearm, then its a loaded firearm. But apparently I can't have a loaded magazine on me cause that's a loaded gun. Maybe I'm just hearing it wrong.
I have to store the gun in the trunk of the car, bullets need to be in the front. Otherwise I can get arrested. Or so they say. Who knows, NJ Gun laws are so freaking vague. I have to drive straight home from the gun range, or gun shop when I have my gun with me or else I get arrested if a cop finds out I deviated from my direct line of travel. How the hell would they know? Am I under surveillance now? What if I need gas? Or I haven't eaten and want to pick up something in the drive-thru?
Hell, why can't I just have my firearm on me in the first place? After all, isn't that the point of having a firearm? Self Defense?
Not that I care much, I do hold a belt in a few martial arts, but still...seems counter intuitive to have a weapon, but be forced never to use it while criminals have no such hangups about shooting me if they wanted too.
Still. I'm learning. NJ really isn't a constitution friendly state, at least not for the 2nd Amendment. Yet even with all these strict gun laws, we still have high gun crimes. Newark NJ was the "Duck down" city for me. At least that's what my friends who lived there tell me. So much for gun laws I say. All we are a victims in waiting.
So that's my rant. It's a bit unorganized I'm sure. All I can say is people, support your constitution, even if you don't agree with guns, that's the least of it. Just read the laws they create and ask, "How does that work to stop criminals from having firearms" and "How does it effect lawful citizens from exercising their rights".
If there is one thing you'll notice is that they do nothing to curb violence, but do create criminals out of otherwise lawful citizens.
Think about it. Here in NJ, you'll stand a bigger chance of getting arrested for exercising your constitutional rights, then a criminal has actually breaking the law!
I don't know if that makes any sense. What I'm saying is that after submitting to an background investigation, finger printing, references check and waiting 30 days for all that to come back clear. Even after holding on to my permits for almost 90 days, just to find a proper hand gun, I still had to wait other 14 days for once again my background check to clear. They call this the "Cooling off" period. Just in case I'm angry at having to wait so long just to exercise my right. They don't want me buying a gun and go off on people. It's a "wtf" moment really.
ANYWAY.
I'm officially a proud 2A user...er...can that be said? Anyway, I got my firearm, my friends are happy I can now go shoot with them and not have to beg to rent a practice firearm. I'm getting ahead of myself. Once I received my firearm I was given the lecture of what I can and can't do with my firearm in NJ. Some of it was common sense stuff. "Don't leave it loaded where kids can get a hold of it", "Keep in unloaded while in the safe" and some stuff that made me raise an eyebrow. Maybe I heard it wrong but "A loaded magazine is considered a loaded gun" doesn't see right to me.
A loaded magazine is a loaded magazine, once I put it in my firearm, then its a loaded firearm. But apparently I can't have a loaded magazine on me cause that's a loaded gun. Maybe I'm just hearing it wrong.
I have to store the gun in the trunk of the car, bullets need to be in the front. Otherwise I can get arrested. Or so they say. Who knows, NJ Gun laws are so freaking vague. I have to drive straight home from the gun range, or gun shop when I have my gun with me or else I get arrested if a cop finds out I deviated from my direct line of travel. How the hell would they know? Am I under surveillance now? What if I need gas? Or I haven't eaten and want to pick up something in the drive-thru?
Hell, why can't I just have my firearm on me in the first place? After all, isn't that the point of having a firearm? Self Defense?
Not that I care much, I do hold a belt in a few martial arts, but still...seems counter intuitive to have a weapon, but be forced never to use it while criminals have no such hangups about shooting me if they wanted too.
Still. I'm learning. NJ really isn't a constitution friendly state, at least not for the 2nd Amendment. Yet even with all these strict gun laws, we still have high gun crimes. Newark NJ was the "Duck down" city for me. At least that's what my friends who lived there tell me. So much for gun laws I say. All we are a victims in waiting.
So that's my rant. It's a bit unorganized I'm sure. All I can say is people, support your constitution, even if you don't agree with guns, that's the least of it. Just read the laws they create and ask, "How does that work to stop criminals from having firearms" and "How does it effect lawful citizens from exercising their rights".
If there is one thing you'll notice is that they do nothing to curb violence, but do create criminals out of otherwise lawful citizens.
Think about it. Here in NJ, you'll stand a bigger chance of getting arrested for exercising your constitutional rights, then a criminal has actually breaking the law!
Thursday, May 16, 2013
Pro-Gun Control Advocates, can you hear us?
So
here goes, if you're gonna post some anti-gun rhetoric, prepare to be
called out on it. Its nothing personal, just opening up the lines of
communication. See, Pro-Gun Control advocates have asked for open
dialogue to have a sensible discussion about gun violence. Yet, when
ever we answer, they delete our comments while highlighting and
promoting views that suits their agenda.
There aren't that many groups like this so far, so I think that people are starting to see the discrepancies of their claims. So that's good.
NJ Gun laws have to be openly discussed. They are ridiculous beyond measure and vague. Even the police are confused on what is legal and what isn't. So they'll arrest you and leave it for a judge to decide. Yet nothing changes.
NJ Gun Owners shouldn't be second class citizens simply for exercising a constitutional right.
There aren't that many groups like this so far, so I think that people are starting to see the discrepancies of their claims. So that's good.
NJ Gun laws have to be openly discussed. They are ridiculous beyond measure and vague. Even the police are confused on what is legal and what isn't. So they'll arrest you and leave it for a judge to decide. Yet nothing changes.
NJ Gun Owners shouldn't be second class citizens simply for exercising a constitutional right.
Wednesday, February 13, 2013
The Bill of Rights and Amendments XI - XXVII
The Preamble to The Bill of Rights
Congress of the United States
begun and held at the City of New-York, on
Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.
begun and held at the City of New-York, on
Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.
THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.
RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.
ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
Amendment I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
AMENDMENT XI
Passed by Congress March 4, 1794. Ratified February 7, 1795.
Note: Article III, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by amendment 11.
The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.
AMENDMENT XII
Passed by Congress December 9, 1803. Ratified June 15, 1804.
Note: A portion of Article II, section 1 of the Constitution was superseded by the 12th amendment.
The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; -- the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; -- The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. [And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. --]* The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
*Superseded by section 3 of the 20th amendment.
AMENDMENT XIII
Passed by Congress January 31, 1865. Ratified December 6, 1865.
Note: A portion of Article IV, section 2, of the Constitution was superseded by the 13th amendment.
Section 1.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. AMENDMENT XIV
Passed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868.
Note: Article I, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of the 14th amendment.
Section 1.
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2.
Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,* and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3.
No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
Section 4.
The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5.
The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
*Changed by section 1 of the 26th amendment.
AMENDMENT XV
Passed by Congress February 26, 1869. Ratified February 3, 1870.
Section 1.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude-- AMENDMENT XVI
Passed by Congress July 2, 1909. Ratified February 3, 1913.
Note: Article I, section 9, of the Constitution was modified by amendment 16.
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
AMENDMENT XVII
Passed by Congress May 13, 1912. Ratified April 8, 1913.
Note: Article I, section 3, of the Constitution was modified by the 17th amendment.
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
AMENDMENT XVIII
Passed by Congress December 18, 1917. Ratified January 16, 1919. Repealed by amendment 21.
Section 1.
After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
Section 2.
The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Section 3.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. AMENDMENT XIX
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
AMENDMENT XX
Passed by Congress March 2, 1932. Ratified January 23, 1933.
Note: Article I, section 4, of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of this amendment. In addition, a portion of the 12th amendment was superseded by section 3.
Section 1.
The terms of the President and the Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.
Section 2.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 3.
If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.
Section 4.
The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
Section 5.
Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.
Section 6.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission. AMENDMENT XXI
Passed by Congress February 20, 1933. Ratified December 5, 1933.
Section 1.
The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.
Section 2.
The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
Section 3.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. AMENDMENT XXII
Passed by Congress March 21, 1947. Ratified February 27, 1951.
Section 1.
No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.
Section 2.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress. AMENDMENT XXIII
Passed by Congress June 16, 1960. Ratified March 29, 1961.
Section 1.
The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct:
A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.
AMENDMENT XXIV
Passed by Congress August 27, 1962. Ratified January 23, 1964.
Section 1.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax. AMENDMENT XXV
Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967.
Note: Article II, section 1, of the Constitution was affected by the 25th amendment.
Section 1.
In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
Section 2.
Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
Section 3.
Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
Section 4.
Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
AMENDMENT XXVI
Passed by Congress March 23, 1971. Ratified July 1, 1971.
Note: Amendment 14, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by section 1 of the 26th amendment.
Section 1.
The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. AMENDMENT XXVII
Originally proposed Sept. 25, 1789. Ratified May 7, 1992.
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of representatives shall have intervened.
|  | |
|
|
The Constitution Of the United States of America
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article. I.
All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.
All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;--And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.
No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.
No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.
No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:
Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.
The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.
Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."
The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.
The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;--to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;--to Controversies between two or more States;-- between a State and Citizens of another State,--between Citizens of different States,--between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.
Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.
New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence.
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page, the Word "Thirty" being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words "is tried" being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.
Attest William Jackson Secretary
done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)